Home
Issues
Aim & Scope
Open Access
Indexing
Why publish with us
Contact
Editorial Board
Instructions to Authors (PDF)
Manuscript Types
Manuscript Formatting
How to submit
Preprints
Authorship & COI
Principles of Transparency Checklist
Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement
Data Policies
REVIEW
The effects of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) on the executive functions of the brain before and after treatment
| 1 | Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sleeprelated Breathing Disorders Laboratory, University of Thessaly Medical School Larissa, Greece |
| 2 | Sleep Study Unit, Eginition Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece |
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Dimitra I. Siachpazidou
Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Thessaly, Laboratory of Respiratory Sleep Disorders, University Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo Postcode 41110 Larissa, Greece
Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Thessaly, Laboratory of Respiratory Sleep Disorders, University Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo Postcode 41110 Larissa, Greece
Pneumon 2017;30(4):243–254
KEYWORDS
obstructive sleep apnea syndrome executive functions neurocognitive battery neurocognitive functions
ABSTRACT
Purpose:
To summarize the information of published studies on the effect of OSAS on the executive functions of the brain in adult patients before and after any treatment.
Method:
An extensive literature search was performed on the Pub Med database.
Results:
The OSAS inarguably causes neurocognitive deficit and reduced activation of brain regions responsible for cognitive function. The methods of treatment are: by a continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) device, mandibular treatment and tonsillectomy. These methods of treatment offer some protection to the cognitive areas of the brain. The severity of the syndrome correlates significantly with the scores of various neuropsychological batteries; these batteries vary even if they evaluate the same function.
Conclusions:
The severity of the syndrome is responsible for the degree of neurocognitive dysfunction. The most prevalent form of treatment is the use of a device with positive air pressure CPAP which acts as a protective factor in neurocognitive functions. Further research is needed because few studies have evaluated the effects of treatment using a CPAP device while the timeframe and the population that needs to be studied remain uncertain.
To summarize the information of published studies on the effect of OSAS on the executive functions of the brain in adult patients before and after any treatment.
Method:
An extensive literature search was performed on the Pub Med database.
Results:
The OSAS inarguably causes neurocognitive deficit and reduced activation of brain regions responsible for cognitive function. The methods of treatment are: by a continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) device, mandibular treatment and tonsillectomy. These methods of treatment offer some protection to the cognitive areas of the brain. The severity of the syndrome correlates significantly with the scores of various neuropsychological batteries; these batteries vary even if they evaluate the same function.
Conclusions:
The severity of the syndrome is responsible for the degree of neurocognitive dysfunction. The most prevalent form of treatment is the use of a device with positive air pressure CPAP which acts as a protective factor in neurocognitive functions. Further research is needed because few studies have evaluated the effects of treatment using a CPAP device while the timeframe and the population that needs to be studied remain uncertain.
REFERENCES (64)
1.
American Thoracic Society. Standards and indications for cardiopulmonary sleep studies in children. American of Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1996; 153:855-78.
2.
Schönwald SV, Carvalho DZ, Santa-Helena EL, Lemke N, Gerhardt GJ. Topography-specific spindle frequency changes in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:89.
3.
Ferini-Strambi L, Fantini ML, Castronovo C. Epidemiology of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Minerva Med 2004; 95:187- 202.
4.
Cai A, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Zhong Q, Wang R, Wang L. Epidemiological characteristics and gender-specific differences of obstructive sleep apnea in a Chinese hypertensive population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17:8.
5.
Nardone R, Bergmann J, Brigo F, et al. Cortical afferent inhibition reflects cognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a TMS study. Sleep Med 2016; 24:51-6.
6.
Blackwell T, Yaffe K, Ancoli-Israel S, et al. Associations between sleep architecture and sleep-disordered breathing and cognition in older community-dwelling men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59:2217-25.
7.
Peng Y, Ouyang R, Cao Y, Chen P, Chen Y. Memory and executive dysfunction in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2015; 38:756-60.
8.
Baril AA, Gagnon K, Arbour C, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow during wakeful rest in older subjects with mild to severe obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2015, 38:1439-49.
9.
Duffy SL, Lagopoulos J, Terpening Z, et al. Association of anterior cingulate glutathione with sleep apnea in older adults at-risk for dementia. Sleep 2016; 39:899-906.
10.
Andreou G, Vlachos F, Makanikas K. Effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea on cognitive functions: Evidence for a common nature. Sleep Disord 2014; 2014:768210.
11.
Tegelberg A, Wilhelmsson B, Erixon-Lindroth N, Lindström LH. Improved cognitive functions after treatment with an oral appliance in obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Sci Sleep 2012; 4:89–96.
12.
Dahlöf P, Norlin-Bagge E, Hedner J, Ejnell H, Hetta J, Hallstrom T. Improvement in neuropsychological performance following surgical treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Act Otolaryngol 2002; 122:86-91.
13.
American Thoracic Society. What Is Obstructive Sleep Apnea In Adults? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 196:P1-P2.
14.
Canessa N, Castronovo V, Cappa SF, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea: brain structural changes and neurocognitive function before and after treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:1419-26.
15.
Crawford-Achour E, Dauphinot V, Martin MS, et al. Protective effect of long-term CPAP therapy on cognitive performance in elderly patients with severe OSA: The PROOF study. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11:519-24.
16.
Zimmerman ME, Arnedt JT, Stanchina M, Millman RP, Aloia MS. Normalization of memory performance and positive airway pressure adherence in memory-impaired patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 2006, 130:1772-8.
17.
Bédard MA, Montplaisir J, Richer F, Rouleau I, Malo J. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: pathogenesis of neuropsychological deficits. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 1991; 13:950-64.
18.
Montplaisir J, Bédard MA, Richer F, Rouleau I. Neurobehavioral manifestations in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep 1992; 15(6 Suppl):S17-9.
19.
Edwards KM, Kamat R, Tomfohr LM, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE.Obstructive sleep apnea and neurocognitive performance: the role of costisol. Sleep Med 2014; 15:27-32.
20.
Sagaspe P, Philip P, Schwartz S. Inhibitory motor control in apneic and insomniac patients: a stop task study. J Sleep Res 2007; 16:381-7.
21.
Torelli F, Moscufo N, Garreffa G, et al. Cognitive profile and brain morphological changes in obstructive sleep apnea. Neuroimage 2011, 54:787-93.
22.
Alchanatis M, Deligiorgis N, Zias N, et al. Frontal brain lobe impairment in obstructive sleep apnoea: a proton MR spectroscopy study. Eur Respir J 2004; 24:980-6.
23.
Hrubos-Strøm H, Nordhus IH, Einvik G, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea, verbal memory, and executive function in a communitybased high-risk population identified by the Berlin Questionnaire Akershus Sleep Apnea Project. Sleep Breath 2012; 16:223-31.
24.
Grenèche J, Krieger J, Bertrand F, Erhardt C, Maumy M, Tassi P. Short-term memory performances during sustained wakefulness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. Brain Cogn 2011; 75:39-50.
25.
Verstraeten E, Cluydts R, Pevernagie D, Hoffmann G. Executive function in sleep apnea: controlling for attentional capacity in assessing executive attention. Sleep 2004; 27:685-93.
26.
Quan SF, Wright R, Baldwin CM, et al. Obstructive sleep apneahypopnea and neurocognitive functioning in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep Med 2006; 7:498-507.
27.
Delazer M, Zamarian L, Frauscher B, et al. Oxygen desaturation during night sleep affects decision-making in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 2016; 25:395-403.
28.
Chen X, Zhang R, Xiao Y, Dong J, Niu X, Kong W. Reliability and validity of the beijing version of the Montreal cognitive assessment in the evaluation of cognitive function of adult patients with OSAHS. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132361.
29.
Shpirer I, Elizur A, Shorer R, Peretz RB, Rabey JM, Khaigrekht M. Hypoxemia correlates with attentional dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breath 2012; 16:821-7.
30.
Tulek B, Atalay NB, Kanat F, Suerdem M. Attentional control is partially impaired in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Sleep Res 2013; 22:422-9.
31.
Lis S, Krieger S, Hennig D, et al. Executive functions and cognitive subprocesses in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. J Sleep Res 2008; 17:271-80.
32.
Gelir E, Başaran C, Bayrak S. Electrophysiological assessment of the effects of obstructive sleep apnea on cognition. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90647.
33.
Yılmaz Z, Voyvoda N, İnan E, Şirinocak PB, Terzi R. Factors affecting executive functions in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and volumetric changes in the prefrontal cortex. Springerplus 2016; 5:1934.
34.
Park B, Palomares JA, Woo MA, et al. Disrupted functional brain network organization in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00441.
35.
Zhang X, Ma L, Li S, Wang Y, Wang L. A functional MRI evaluation of frontal dysfunction in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med 2011; 12:335-40.
36.
Morisson F, Lavigne G, Petit D, Nielsen T, Malo J, Montplaisir J. Spectral analysis of wakefulness and REM sleep EEG in patients with sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J 1998; 11:1135-40.
37.
Yaouhi K, Bertran F, Clochon P, et al. A combined neuropsychological and brain imaging study of obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 2009; 18:36-48.
38.
Goya TT, Silva RF, Guerra RS, et al. Increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity and impaired executive performance capacity in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 2016; 39:25-33.
39.
Nemeth D, Csábi E, Janacsek K, Várszegi M, Mari Z. Intact implicit probabilistic sequence learning in obstructive sleep apnea. J Sleep Res 2012; 21:396-401.
40.
Sharma H, Sharma SK, Kadhiravan T, et al. Pattern & correlates of neurocognitive dysfunction in Asian Indian adults with severe obstructive sleep apnoea. Indian J Med Res 2010; 132:409-14.
41.
Olaithe M, Skinner TC, Hillman D, Eastwood PE, Bucks RS. Cognition and nocturnal disturbance in OSA: the importance of accounting for age and premorbid intelligence. Sleep Breath 2015; 19:221-30.
42.
Sales LV, Bruin VM, D’Almeida V, Eastwood PE, Bucks RS. Cognition and biomarkers of oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2013; 68:449-55.
43.
Borges JG, Ginani GE, Hachul H. Executive functioning in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients without comorbidities: focus on the fractionation of executive functions. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2013; 35:1094-107.
44.
Chen R, Xiong KP, Huang JY, et al. Neurocognitive impairment in Chinese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnoea syndrome. Respirology 2011; 16:842-8.
45.
Salorio CF, White DA, Piccirillo J, Duntley SP, Uhles ML. Learning, memory, and executive control in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2002; 24:93-100.
46.
Hoth KF, Zimmerman ME, Meschede KA, Arnedt JT, Aloia MS. Obstructive sleep apnea: Impact of hypoxemia on memory. Sleep Breath 2013; 17:811–7.
47.
Rouleau I, Décary A, Chicoine AJ, Montplaisir J. Procedural skill learning in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 2002; 25:401-11.
48.
Crawford-Achour E, et al. Protective Effect of Long-Term CPAP Therapy on Cognitive Performance in Elderly Patients with Severe OSA: The PROOF Study. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11:519-24.
49.
Canessa N, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea: brain structural changes and neurocognitive function before and after treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183:1419-26.
50.
Kushida CA, Nichols DA, Holmes TH, et al. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on neurocognitive function in obstructive sleep apnea patients: The Apnea Positive Pressure Longterm Efficacy Study (APPLES). Sleep 2012; 35:1593-602.
51.
Lau EY, Eskes GA, Morrison DL, Rajda M, Spurr KF. Executive function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with continuous positive airway pressure. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2010; 16:1077-88.
52.
Dalmases M, Solé-Padullés C, Torres M, et al. Effect of CPAP on cognition, brain function, and structure among elderly patients with OSA: A randomized pilot study. Chest 2015, 148:1214-23.
53.
Castronovo V, Scifo P, Castellano A, et al. White matter integrity in obstructive sleep apnea before and after treatment. Sleep 2014, 37:1465-75.
54.
Ferini-Strambi L, Baietto C, Di Gioia MR, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): partial reversibility after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Brain Res Bull 2003; 61:87-92.
55.
Berlowitz DJ, Shafazand S. CPAP and Cognition in OSA (APPLES). J Clin Sleep Med 2013; 9:515-6.
56.
Saunamäki T, Himanen SL, Polo O, Jehkonen M. Executive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Eur Neurol 2009; 62:237-42.
57.
Saunamäki T, Himanen SL, Polo O, Jehkonen M. Executive dysfunction and learning effect after continuous positive airway pressure treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Eur Neurol 2010; 63:215-20.
58.
Naegele B, Pepin JL, Levy P, Bonnet C, Pellat J, Feuerstein C. Cognitive executive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) after CPAP treatment. Sleep 1998; 21:392-7.
59.
Gagnon K, Baril AA, Gagnon JF, et al. Cognitive impairment in obstructive sleep apnea. Pathol Biol 2014; 62:233-40.
60.
Vaessen TJ, Overeem S, Sitskoorn MM. Cognitive complaints in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med Rev 2015; 19:51-8.
61.
Décary A, Rouleau I, Montplaisir J. Cognitive deficits associated with sleep apnea syndrome: a proposed neuropsychological test battery. Sleep 2000; 23:369-81.
62.
Gurubhagavatula I. Consequences of obstructive sleep apnoea. Indian J Med Res 2010; 131:188-95.
63.
Grigg-Damberger M, Ralls F. Cognitive dysfunction and obstructive sleep apnea: from cradle to tomb. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2012; 18:580-7.
64.
Weaver TE, Chasens ER. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment for sleep apnea in older adults. Sleep Med Rev 2007; 11:99-111.
RELATED ARTICLE
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.