Home
Issues
Aim & Scope
Open Access
Indexing
Why publish with us
Contact
Editorial Board
Instructions to Authors (PDF)
Manuscript Types
Manuscript Formatting
How to submit
Preprints
Authorship & COI
Principles of Transparency Checklist
Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement
Data Policies
REVIEW
Inhaled beta2-agonists and beta-blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular comorbidities: therapeutic dilemmas, myths and realities
| 1 | Respiratory Intensive Care Unit, Athens Chest Hospital “Sotiria”, Athens, Greece |
| 2 | 2nd Department of Propedeutic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Laiko” General Hospital, Athens, Greece |
| 3 | 1st Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Hippokration” General Hospital, Athens, Greece |
| 4 | 1st Paediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece |
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Christos F. Kampolis
2nd Department of Propedeutic Surgery, University of Athens Medical School, “Laiko” General Hospital, 17 Aghiou Thoma St., 11527, Athens, Greece
2nd Department of Propedeutic Surgery, University of Athens Medical School, “Laiko” General Hospital, 17 Aghiou Thoma St., 11527, Athens, Greece
Pneumon 2013;26(1):59–74
KEYWORDS
arrhythmia beta2-adrenergic receptor chronic obstructive pulmonary disease coronary artery disease heart failure
ABSTRACT
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been shown to be associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events. The wide distribution of beta-adrenergic receptors in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems frequently discourages clinicians from using beta-blockers in patients with COPD or inhaled beta2-agonists in those with cardiovascular comorbidities. Evidence in the current literature suggests that inhaled short- and long-acting beta2-agonists can be considered safe in patients without significant cardiac disease or with clinically stable disease (arrhythmia, coronary artery disease or heart failure). In these situations COPD treatment should be initiated or adjusted rationally, provided that worsening of respiratory symptoms is not associated with decompensated heart failure or an acute coronary event. Cardioselective beta-blockers in usual doses should not be withheld from patients with COPD who have mild to severe airway obstruction, in whom their definite therapeutic benefits in the management of myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure outweigh the danger of possible induction of bronchospasm. Further research is necessary on the safety of beta-blockers in very severe stages of COPD (FEV1 <30% pred.) and the use of non-cardioselective beta-blockers in subjects with partially reversible airway obstruction.
REFERENCES (131)
1.
Huiart L, Ernst P, Suissa S. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in COPD. Chest 2005;128:2640–6.
2.
Sidney S, Sorel M, Quesenberry CP, DeLuise C, Lanes S, Eisner MD. COPD and incident cardiovascular disease hospitalizations and mortality: Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program. Chest 2005;128:2068–75.
3.
Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Enright PL, Manfreda J, Group LHSR. Hospitalizations and mortality in the Lung Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:333–9.
4.
Sin DD, Anthonisen NR, Soriano JB, Agusti AG. Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities. Eur Respir J 2006;28:1245–57.
5.
Hole DJ, Watt GC, Davey-Smith G, Hart CL, Gillis CR, Hawthorne VM. Impaired lung function and mortality risk in men and women: findings from the Renfrew and Paisley prospective population study. BMJ 1996;313:711–5.
6.
Barnes PJ, Celli BR. Systemic manifestations and comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir J 2009;33:1165–85.
7.
Stewart AG, Waterhouse JC, Howard P. The QTc interval, autonomic neuropathy and mortality in hypoxaemic COPD. Respir Med 1995;89:79–84.
9.
Robison GA, Butcher RW, Sutherland EW. Adenyl cyclase as an adrenergic receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1967;139:703–23.
10.
O’Connor BJ, Aikman SL, Barnes PJ. Tolerance to the nonbronchodilator effects of inhaled beta 2-agonists in asthma. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1204–8.
11.
Broadley KJ. Beta-adrenoceptor responses of the airways: for better or worse? Eur J Pharmacol 2006;533:15–27.
12.
Brodde OE. Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors in the human heart: properties, function, and alterations in chronic heart failure. Pharmacol Rev 1991;43:203–42.
13.
Cazzola M, Matera MG, Donner CF. Inhaled beta2-adrenoceptor agonists: cardiovascular safety in patients with obstructive lung disease. Drugs 2005;65:1595–610.
14.
Triposkiadis F, Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, Skoularigis J, Louridas G, Butler J. The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1747–62.
15.
Bristow MR, Ginsburg R, Umans V, et al. Beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic-receptor subpopulations in nonfailing and failing human ventricular myocardium: coupling of both receptor subtypes to muscle contraction and selective beta 1-receptor down-regulation in heart failure. Circ Res 1986;59:297–309.
16.
Vestbo J, Hurd SS, Agusti AG, et al. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, GOLD Executive Summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med [Internet] 2012;Available from: http://www.hubmed.org/display.....
17.
Matera MG, Martuscelli E, Cazzola M. Pharmacological modulation of beta-adrenoceptor function in patients with coexisting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010;23:1–8.
18.
Battram C, Charlton SJ, Cuenoud B, et al. In vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of 5-[(R)-2-(5,6-diethylindan-2-ylamino)-1-hydroxy-ethyl]-8-hydroxy-1H-quinolin2-one (indacaterol), a novel inhaled beta(2) adrenoceptor agonist with a 24-h duration of action. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;317:762–70.
19.
Sturton RG, Trifilieff A, Nicholson AG, Barnes PJ. Pharmacological characterization of indacaterol, a novel once daily inhaled 2 adrenoceptor agonist, on small airways in human and rat precision-cut lung slices. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008;324:270–5.
20.
Holford FD, Mithoefer JC. Cardiac arrhythmias in hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973;108:879–85.
21.
Shih HT, Webb CR, Conway WA, Peterson E, Tilley B, Goldstein S. Frequency and significance of cardiac arrhythmias in chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest 1988;94:44–8.
22.
Hanrahan JP, Grogan DR, Baumgartner RA, et al. Arrhythmias in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): occurrence frequency and the effect of treatment with the inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists arformoterol and salmeterol. Medicine (Baltimore) 2008;87:319–28.
23.
Cazzola M, Imperatore F, Salzillo A, et al. Cardiac effects of formoterol and salmeterol in patients suffering from COPD with preexisting cardiac arrhythmias and hypoxemia. Chest 1998;114:411–5.
24.
Rogers RM, Spear JF, Moore EN, Horowitz LH, Sonne JE. Vulnerability of canine ventricle to fibrillation during hypoxia and respiratory acidosis. Chest 1973;63:986–94.
25.
van Gestel AJ, Steier J. Autonomic dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). J Thorac Dis. 2010;2:215-22.
26.
Hall IP, Woodhead MA, Johnston ID. Effect of high-dose salbutamol on cardiac rhythm in severe chronic airflow obstruction: a controlled study. Respiration 1994;61:214–8.
27.
Goldkorn A, Diotto P, Burgess C, et al. The pulmonary and extra-pulmonary effects of high-dose formoterol in COPD: a comparison with salbutamol. Respirology 2004;9:102–8.
28.
Vathenen AS, Britton JR, Ebden P, Cookson JB, Wharrad HJ, Tattersfield AE. High-dose inhaled albuterol in severe chronic airflow limitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:850–5.
29.
Donohue JF, Parsey MV, Andrews C, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of levalbuterol in subjects with COPD. COPD 2006;3:125–32.
30.
Boyd G, Morice AH, Pounsford JC, Siebert M, Peslis N, Crawford C. An evaluation of salmeterol in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J 1997;10:815–21.
31.
Donohue JF, Van Noord JA, Bateman ED, et al. A 6-month, placebo-controlled study comparing lung function and health status changes in COPD patients treated with tiotropium or salmeterol. Chest 2002;122:47–55.
32.
Calverley P, Pauwels R, Vestbo J, et al. Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:449–56.
33.
Hanania NA, Darken P, Horstman D, et al. The efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate (250 microg)/salmeterol (50 microg) combined in the Diskus inhaler for the treatment of COPD. Chest 2003;124:834–43.
34.
Zheng JP, Yang L, Wu YM, et al. The efficacy and safety of combination salmeterol (50 microg)/fluticasone propionate (500 microg) inhalation twice daily via accuhaler in Chinese patients with COPD. Chest 2007;132:1756–63.
35.
Dahl R, Greefhorst LA, Nowak D, et al. Inhaled formoterol dry powder versus ipratropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:778–84.
36.
Rossi A, Kristufek P, Levine BE, et al. Comparison of the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of formoterol dry powder and oral, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD. Chest 2002;121:1058–69.
37.
Wadbo M, Löfdahl CG, Larsson K, et al. Effects of formoterol and ipratropium bromide in COPD: a 3-month placebo-controlled study. Eur Respir J 2002;20:1138–46.
38.
Szafranski W, Cukier A, Ramirez A, et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003;21:74–81.
39.
Vogelmeier C, Kardos P, Harari S, Gans SJ, Stenglein S, Thirlwell J. Formoterol mono- and combination therapy with tiotropium in patients with COPD: a 6-month study. Respir Med 2008;102:1511–20.
40.
Tashkin DP, Doherty DE, Kerwin E, et al. Efficacy and safety characteristics of mometasone furoate/formoterol fumarate fixed-dose combination in subjects with moderate to very severe COPD: findings from pooled analysis of two randomized, 52-week placebo-controlled trials. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2012;7:73–86.
41.
Bogdan MA, Aizawa H, Fukuchi Y, Mishima M, Nishimura M, Ichinose M. Efficacy and safety of inhaled formoterol 4.5 and 9 μg twice daily in Japanese and European COPD patients: phase III study results. BMC Pulm Med 2011;11:51–51.
42.
Beier J, Chanez P, Martinot JB, et al. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of indacaterol, a novel once-daily beta(2)-agonist, in patients with COPD: a 28-day randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007;20:740–9.
43.
Vogelmeier C, Ramos-Barbon D, Jack D, et al. Indacaterol provides 24-hour bronchodilation in COPD: a placebo-controlled blinded comparison with tiotropium. Respir Res 2010;11:135– 135.
44.
Balint B, Watz H, Amos C, et al. Onset of action of indacaterol in patients with COPD: comparison with salbutamol and salmeterol-fluticasone. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2010;5:311–8.
45.
Magnussen H, Verkindre C, Jack D, et al. Indacaterol once-daily is equally effective dosed in the evening or morning in COPD. Respir Med 2010;104:1869–76.
46.
Kerwin EM, Gotfried MH, Lawrence D, Lassen C, Kramer B. Efficacy and tolerability of indacaterol 75 μg once daily in patients aged ≥40 years with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled 12- week studies. Clin Ther 2011;33:1974–84.
47.
Kornmann O, Dahl R, Centanni S, et al. Once-daily indacaterol versus twice-daily salmeterol for COPD: a placebo-controlled comparison. Eur Respir J 2011;37:273–9.
48.
Laforce C, Aumann J, De Teresa Parreño L, et al. Sustained 24-hour efficacy of once daily indacaterol (300 μg) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized, crossover study. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011;24:162–8.
49.
Chapman KR, Rennard SI, Dogra A, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of indacaterol, a long-acting β₂-agonist, in subjects with COPD: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Chest 2011;140:68–75.
50.
Priori SG, Schwartz PJ, Napolitano C, et al. Risk stratification in the long-QT syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1866–74.
51.
Straus SM, Kors JA, De Bruin ML, et al. Prolonged QTc interval and risk of sudden cardiac death in a population of older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:362–7.
52.
Moss AJ. QTc prolongation and sudden cardiac death: the association is in the detail. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;47:368–9.
53.
Campbell SC, Criner GJ, Levine BE, et al. Cardiac safety of formoterol 12 microg twice daily in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2007;20:571–9.
54.
Nelson HS, Gross NJ, Levine B, et al. Cardiac safety profile of nebulized formoterol in adults with COPD: a 12-week, multicenter, randomized, double- blind, double-dummy, placeboand active-controlled trial. Clin Ther 2007;29:2167–78.
55.
Ferguson GT, Funck-Brentano C, Fischer T, Darken P, Reisner C. Cardiovascular safety of salmeterol in COPD. Chest 2003;123:1817–24.
56.
Mahler DA, Donohue JF, Barbee RA, et al. Efficacy of salmeterol xinafoate in the treatment of COPD. Chest 1999;115:957–65.
57.
Mahler DA, Wire P, Horstman D, et al. Effectiveness of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol combination delivered via the Diskus device in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:1084–91.
58.
Rennard SI, Tashkin DP, McElhattan J, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide/formoterol in one hydrofluoroalkane pressurized metered-dose inhaler in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a 1-year randomized controlled clinical trial. Drugs 2009;69:549–65.
59.
Au DH, Udris EM, Fan VS, Curtis JR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD. Risk of mortality and heart failure exacerbations associated with inhaled beta-adrenoceptor agonists among patients with known left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Chest 2003;123:1964–9.
60.
Au DH, Udris EM, Curtis JR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Investigators A. Association between chronic heart failure and inhaled beta-2-adrenoceptor agonists. Am Heart J 2004;148:915–20.
61.
Macie C, Wooldrage K, Manfreda J, Anthonisen N. Cardiovascular morbidity and the use of inhaled bronchodilators. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2008;3:163–9.
62.
Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a metaanalysis. Chest 2004;125:2309–21.
63.
Böhm M. Alterations of beta-adrenoceptor-G-protein-regulated adenylyl cyclase in heart failure. Mol Cell Biochem 1995;147:147–60.
65.
Rich MW, Woods WL, Davila-Roman VG, et al. A randomized comparison of intravenous amrinone versus dobutamine in older patients with decompensated congestive heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc 1995;43:271–4.
66.
Kieback AG, Iven H, Stolzenburg K, Baumann G. Saterinone, dobutamine, and sodium nitroprusside: comparison of cardiovascular profiles in patients with congestive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998;32:629–36.
67.
Slutsky R. Hemodynamic effects of inhaled terbutaline in congestive heart failure patients without lung disease: beneficial cardiotonic and vasodilator beta-agonist properties evaluated by ventricular catheterization and radionuclide angiography. Am Heart J 1981;101:556–60.
68.
Uren NG, Davies SW, Jordan SL, Lipkin DP. Inhaled bronchodilators increase maximum oxygen consumption in chronic left ventricular failure. Eur Heart J 1993;14:744–50.
69.
Witte KK, Morice A, Cleland JG, Clark AL. The reversibility of increased airways resistance in chronic heart failure measured by impulse oscillometry. J Card Fail 2004;10:149–54.
70.
Rossinen J, Partanen J, Stenius-Aarniala B, Nieminen MS. Salbutamol inhalation has no effect on myocardial ischaemia, arrhythmias and heart-rate variability in patients with coronary artery disease plus asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Intern Med 1998;243:361–6.
71.
Singer AJ, Emerman C, Char DM, et al. Bronchodilator therapy in acute decompensated heart failure patients without a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Emerg Med 2008;51:25–34.
72.
Au DH, Lemaitre RN, Curtis JR, Smith NL, Psaty BM. The risk of myocardial infarction associated with inhaled beta-adrenoceptor agonists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:827–30.
73.
Suissa S, Assimes T, Ernst P. Inhaled short acting beta agonist use in COPD and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Thorax 2003;58:43–6.
74.
Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest 2002;121:846–51.
75.
De Vries F, Pouwels S, Bracke M, et al. Use of beta2 agonists and risk of acute myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008;65:580–6.
76.
Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 2-Volume Set. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011.
77.
Society CC, Physicians AA of F, Cardiology AC of, et al. 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA 2004 guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:210–47.
78.
Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, et al. Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). MERIT-HF Study Group. JAMA 2000;283:1295–302.
79.
The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:9–13.
80.
Kennedy HL, Rosenson RS. Physician use of beta-adrenergic blocking therapy: a changing perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:547–52.
81.
Viskin S, Barron HV. Beta blockers prevent cardiac death following a myocardial infarction: so why are so many infarct survivors discharged without beta blockers? Am J Cardiol 1996;78:821–2.
82.
Gottlieb SS, McCarter RJ, Vogel RA. Effect of beta-blockade on mortality among high-risk and low-risk patients after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998;339:489–97.
83.
Chafin CC, Soberman JE, Demirkan K, Self T. Beta-blockers after myocardial infarction: do benefits ever outweigh risks in asthma? Cardiology 1999;92:99–105.
84.
Egred M, Shaw S, Mohammad B, Waitt P, Rodrigues E. Underuse of beta-blockers in patients with ischaemic heart disease and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. QJM 2005;98:493–7.
85.
Tattersfield AE. Beta adrenoceptor antagonists and respiratory disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986;8 Suppl 4:35–9.
86.
O’Malley K, Cox JP, O’Brien E. Choice of drug treatment for elderly hypertensive patients. Am J Med 1991;90:-33.
87.
Craig T, Richerson HB, Moeckli J. Problem drugs for the patient with asthma. Compr Ther 1996;22:339–44.
88.
Kendall MJ. Clinical relevance of pharmacokinetic differences between beta blockers. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:-19.
89.
Chen J, Radford MJ, Wang Y, Marciniak TA, Krumholz HM. Effectiveness of beta-blocker therapy after acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1950–6.
90.
Olenchock BA, Fonarow GG, Pan W, Hernandez A, Cannon CP, Committee GWTGS. Current use of beta blockers in patients with reactive airway disease who are hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:295–300.
91.
Camsari A, Arikan S, Avan C, et al. Metoprolol, a beta-1 selective blocker, can be used safely in coronary artery disease patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heart Vessels 2003;18:188–92.
92.
Au DH, Bryson CL, Fan VS, et al. Beta-blockers as single-agent therapy for hypertension and the risk of mortality among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 2004;117:925–31.
93.
Salpeter S, Ormiston T, Salpeter E. Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet] 2005;(4). Available from: http://www.hubmed.org/display.....
94.
Schaanning J, Vilsvik JS. Beta1-blocker (practolol) and exercise in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Acta Med Scand 1976;199:61–4.
95.
Beil M, Ulmer WT. [Effects of a new cardioselective betaadrenergic blocker (atenolol) on airway resistance in chronic obstructive disease (author’s transl)]. Arzneimittelforschung 1977;27:419–22.
96.
McGavin CR, Williams IP. The effects of oral propranolol and metoprolol on lung function and exercise performance in chronic airways obstruction. Br J Dis Chest 1978;72:327–32.
97.
Perks WH, Chatterjee SS, Croxson RS, Cruickshank JM. Betaadrenoceptor antagonists and respiratory function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1978;6:171–171.
98.
Sinclair DJ. Comparison of effects of propranolol and metoprolol on airways obstruction in chronic bronchitis. Br Med J 1979;1:168–168.
99.
Anderson G, Jariwalla AG, Al-Zaibak M. A comparison of oral metoprolol and propranolol in patients with chronic bronchitis. J Int Med Res 1980;8:136–8.
100.
Von Wichert P. Reversibility of bronchospasm in airway obstruction. Am Heart J 1982;104:446–50.
101.
Adam WR, Meagher EJ, Barter CE. Labetalol, beta blockers, and acute deterioration of chronic airway obstruction. ClinExp Hypertens A 1982;4:1419–28.
102.
Dorow P, Bethge H, Tönnesmann U. Effects of single oral doses of bisoprolol and atenolol on airway function in nonasthmatic chronic obstructive lung disease and angina pectoris. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986;31:143–7.
103.
Wunderlich J, Macha HN, Wudicke H, Huckauf H. Beta-adrenoceptor blockers and terbutaline in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Effects and interaction after oral administration. Chest 1980;78:714–20.
104.
Tivenius L. Effects of muliple doses of metoprolol and propranolol on ventilatory function in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Scand J Respir Dis 1976;57:190–6.
105.
Lammers JW, Folgering HT, Van Herwaarden CL. Ventilatory effects of atenolol and bevantolol in asthma. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985;38:428–33.
106.
Butland RJ, Pang JA, Geddes DM. Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on hyperventilation and exercise tolerance in emphysema. J Appl Physiol 1983;54:1368–73.
107.
Dorow P, Clauzel AM, Capone P, Mayol R, Mathieu M. A comparison of celiprolol and chlorthalidone in hypertensive patients with reversible bronchial obstruction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1986;8 Suppl 4:102–4.
108.
Fenster PE, Hasan FM, Abraham T, Woolfenden J. Effect of metoprolol on cardiac and pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Cardiol 1983;6:125–9.
109.
Ranchod A, Keeton GR, Benatar SR. The effect of beta-blockers on ventilatory function in chronic bronchitis. S Afr Med J 1982;61:423–4.
110.
Fogari R, Zoppi A, Tettamanti F, Poletti L, Rizzardi G, Fiocchi G. Comparative effects of celiprolol, propranolol, oxprenolol, and atenolol on respiratory function in hypertensive patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1990;4:1145–9.
111.
Van der Woude HJ, Zaagsma J, Postma DS, Winter TH, Van Hulst M, Aalbers R. Detrimental effects of beta-blockers in COPD: a concern for nonselective beta-blockers. Chest 2005;127:818–24.
112.
Aronow WS, Fleg JL, Pepine CJ, et al. ACCF/AHA 2011 expert consensus document on hypertension in the elderly: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Neurology, American Geriatrics Society, American Society for Preventive Cardiology, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, Association of Black Cardiologists, and European Society of Hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2011;5:259–352.
113.
Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. 2009 focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2005 Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure in Adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. Circulation 2009;119:391–479.
114.
Foresi A, Cavigioli G, Signorelli G, Pozzoni MB, Olivieri D. Is the use of beta-blockers in COPD still an unresolved dilemma? Respiration 2010;80:177–87.
115.
Salpeter SS, Ormiston T, Salpeter E, Poole P, Cates C. Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev [Internet] 2002;(2). Available from: http://www.hubmed.org/display.....
116.
Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardioselective betablockers in patients with reactive airway disease: a metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:715–25.
117.
Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE, Poole PJ, Cates CJ. Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis. Respir Med 2003;97:1094–101.
118.
Hawkins NM, MacDonald MR, Petrie MC, et al. Bisoprolol in patients with heart failure and moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2009;11:684–90.
119.
Jabbour A, Macdonald PS, Keogh AM, et al. Differences between beta-blockers in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized crossover trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1780–7.
120.
Agostoni P, Contini M, Cattadori G, et al. Lung function with carvedilol and bisoprolol in chronic heart failure: is beta selectivity relevant? Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:827–33.
121.
Guazzi M, Agostoni P, Matturri M, Pontone G, Guazzi MD. Pulmonary function, cardiac function, and exercise capacity in a follow-up of patients with congestive heart failure treated with carvedilol. Am Heart J 1999;138:460–7.
122.
Krum H, Ninio D, MacDonald P. Baseline predictors of tolerability to carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart 2000;84:615–9.
123.
Kotlyar E, Keogh AM, Macdonald PS, Arnold RH, McCaffrey DJ, Glanville AR. Tolerability of carvedilol in patients with heart failure and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002;21:1290–5.
124.
Callaerts-Vegh Z, Evans KL, Dudekula N, et al. Effects of acute and chronic administration of beta-adrenoceptor ligands on airway function in a murine model of asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:4948–53.
125.
Members AF, McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14:803–69.
126.
Staszewsky L, Wong M, Masson S, et al. Clinical, neurohormonal, and inflammatory markers and overall prognostic role of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with heart failure: data from the Val-HeFT heart failure trial. J Card Fail 2007;13:797–804.
127.
Dransfield MT, Rowe SM, Johnson JE, Bailey WC, Gerald LB. Use of beta blockers and the risk of death in hospitalised patient with acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax 2008;63:301–5.
128.
Rutten FH, Zuithoff NP, Hak E, Grobbee DE, Hoes AW. Betablockers may reduce mortality and risk of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:880–7.
129.
Short PM, Lipworth SI, Elder DH, Schembri S, Lipworth BJ. Effect of beta blockers in treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ [Internet] 2011;342. Available from: http://www.hubmed.org/display.....
130.
Münzel T, Gori T. Nebivolol: the somewhat-different betaadrenergic receptor blocker. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54:1491–9.
131.
Dal Negro R. Pulmonary effects of nebivolol. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2009;3:329–34.
RELATED ARTICLE
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.